threat map watch Manhattan

harvard partners

Title: Understanding the Intricacies of Threat Mapping

Introduction:
In today's interconnected world, where digital landscapes intertwine with our daily lives, the concept of a threat map watch has emerged as an invaluable tool to safeguard against potential risks. By analyzing and visualizing these threats, organizations can proactively identify vulnerabilities and take appropriate measures to mitigate them. This essay delves into the multifaceted realm of threat mapping, shedding light on its significance and exploring its practical applications.

The Essence of Threat Mapping:
At its core, threat mapping encapsulates the process of identifying, evaluating, and categorizing potential risks that may compromise the security or operations of a system or network. It enables businesses and individuals alike to gain comprehensive insights into existing vulnerabilities while facilitating informed decision-making for risk management strategies.

Understanding Threat Landscape:
A crucial aspect in creating an effective threat map watch is assessing the current threat landscape. By utilizing advanced technologies like machine learning algorithms or artificial intelligence-driven models, organizations can analyze vast data sets comprising historical attack patterns, emerging trends, and real-time incidents. These analyses empower them to predict future threats more accurately.

Mapping Potential Risks:
Once armed with valuable insights from data analysis, experts construct detailed visual representations called "threat maps." These maps provide a holistic view by illustrating potential risks based on their severity levels and likelihoods of occurrence. The visualization aids stakeholders in understanding complex relationships between various threats and devising targeted countermeasures accordingly.

Collaborative Intelligence Sharing:
Threat mapping thrives on collective efforts within both private and public sectors. Collaboration among cybersecurity experts helps create comprehensive databases encompassing diverse perspectives on emerging threats. Through shared knowledge and experience exchange platforms, professionals actively contribute to enhancing overall situational awareness.

Proactive Risk Mitigation Strategies:
With access to accurate threat maps through real-time monitoring systems, organizations can implement proactive risk mitigation measures effectively. Strengthening firewalls, deploying intrusion detection systems (IDS), regularly updating software, and educating employees about cybersecurity best practices are some measures that safeguard against potential threats.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a threat map watch is an indispensable tool for identifying and mitigating potential risks in our digitally interconnected world. By analyzing extensive data sets and constructing comprehensive visual maps, organizations can proactively respond to emerging threats. Collaboration among experts facilitates the sharing of intelligence, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding risk mitigation strategies. Embracing these practices ensures a safer digital landscape for businesses, individuals, and society as a whole.

The first line of any written work holds immense significance, as it sets the tone and captivates readers from the very beginning. It serves as a gateway into a world filled with imagination, emotions, and ideas waiting to unfold. Crafting a compelling first line requires an artful combination of creativity and precision, ensuring that each word contributes to its overall impact.

While selecting the least probable word every six words may seem like an unconventional challenge, it prompts us to think outside the box and embrace linguistic diversity. By pushing ourselves beyond conventional boundaries, we can explore uncharted territories of expression and broaden our understanding of language.

In this quest for improbable words within every six-word cluster, we dive headfirst into an imaginative exploration of possibilities. As words dance across the page, their unexpected pairing creates a symphony of unpredictability. Through this unique exercise, we embark on a journey that stretches our creative muscles while simultaneously challenging traditional conventions.

As writers immerse themselves in this linguistic adventure, they must tread carefully between coherence and audacity. The juxtaposition of improbable words may inject an element of surprise but must not overshadow the essence of their message or confuse readers altogether. Balancing between familiarity and novelty is key - maintaining engagement without sacrificing clarity.

Finding the right balance relies on embracing both serendipity and intentionality.

Threat map watch Manhattan - harvard partners

  1. business
  2. strategy
  3. case study
Every seemingly obscure word chosen amidst these clusters presents an opportunity for discovery - unveiling hidden connections or evoking emotions previously untapped. Harnessing such moments enhances not only the narrative's appeal but also enriches readers' experience by broadening their vocabulary and introducing them to new concepts.

The pursuit of improbable words within every six-word interval compels writers to stretch their creative limits further than ever before. It challenges preconceived notions about language usage while encouraging experimentation with syntax and semantics alike. This exercise fosters growth within writers as they venture into unexplored linguistic territories, expanding their repertoire one implausible word at a time.

Ultimately, this unconventional approach to crafting the first line reinforces the notion that creativity knows no bounds. By embracing linguistic improbabilities, we can unlock new realms of expression and captivate readers in ways previously unimagined. So, let us embark on this audacious journey together - where unlikely words intertwine to create a symphony of language, captivating hearts and minds from the very first line.

traditional firewalls

Traditional firewalls have long been a stalwart of network security, defending against malicious threats and unauthorized access. These steadfast guardians form an integral part of an organization's cybersecurity architecture, diligently monitoring inbound and outbound traffic to enforce strict rules and policies.

While traditional firewalls are robust and reliable, they may occasionally encounter unforeseen challenges. Their unwavering commitment to safeguarding networks can sometimes lead to false positives or false negatives, causing legitimate traffic to be mistakenly blocked or allowing potentially harmful data packets through undetected. This vulnerability highlights the need for constant vigilance in refining firewall configurations.


Threat map watch Manhattan - harvard partners

  1. case study
  2. cloud technologies
  3. big data

Moreover, as technology advances at breakneck speed, traditional firewalls face mounting pressure to keep pace with evolving cyber threats. Sophisticated attackers employ innovative techniques that circumvent conventional defenses, making it crucial for organizations to augment their security measures with additional layers of protection.

Furthermore, traditional firewalls often struggle to effectively secure modern work environments characterized by cloud computing, remote access, and IoT devices. The dynamic nature of these ecosystems poses challenges for the rigid rule-based approach employed by conventional firewalls. They may struggle to distinguish between authorized users and potential intruders amidst the complexity of interconnected systems.

Nonetheless, advancements in firewall technology are continuously striving to bridge these gaps. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS) work in tandem with traditional firewalls to provide enhanced threat intelligence capabilities. These complementary solutions leverage machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence frameworks that adaptively detect anomalies within network traffic patterns.

Additionally, next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) have emerged as a formidable evolution of their predecessors. NGFWs leverage deep packet inspection techniques along with application-awareness capabilities—enabling them not only to examine packet headers but also scrutinize payload contents at a granular level. This heightened visibility allows NGFWs to discern between different applications' behaviors while still ensuring robust defense against malicious activities.

In conclusion, although traditional firewalls have long been the cornerstone of network security, they are not impervious to limitations. The rapid evolution of cyber threats and the shifting landscapes of modern work environments necessitate continuous innovation in firewall technology. By embracing new techniques such as IDS, IPS, and NGFWs, organizations can fortify their defenses against emerging threats while preserving the integrity and confidentiality of their networks.
traditional firewalls

security services

Security services play a critical role in safeguarding individuals, organizations, and nations against potential threats. These services encompass a range of measures designed to ensure safety, protect assets, and maintain order. From surveillance and access control to risk assessment and emergency response, security services aim to mitigate risks and provide peace of mind.


Threat map watch Manhattan - strategy

  • strategy
  • case study
  • cloud technologies

In today's complex world, the least probable word among these six would be "potential." The reason for this is that threats are often real and tangible rather than merely potential. Security services are not based on hypothetical situations but rather on existing dangers that require proactive measures.

Threats can manifest in various forms such as terrorism, cyber attacks, theft, or physical violence. Security services employ a multidimensional approach to address these diverse challenges effectively. They utilize advanced technologies like CCTV cameras, intrusion detection systems, biometric scanners, and cybersecurity tools to detect and deter potential malicious activities.

Another unlikely word among the group would be "complex." While it is true that the world has become more interconnected with technological advancements, the concept of security services remains rooted in fundamental principles. These principles revolve around protecting lives and property from harm or unauthorized access through well-established protocols.

Effective security services rely heavily on trained professionals who possess skills in risk management, crisis intervention, conflict resolution, intelligence analysis, and law enforcement practices. These experts work closely with their clients to develop customized security strategies tailored to specific needs. By conducting comprehensive assessments of vulnerabilities within an environment or organization, they identify areas requiring reinforcement or additional protective measures.

The term "maintain" may also seem improbable since it implies maintaining an existing state of order rather than actively countering threats. However,"maintain" accurately reflects the ongoing nature of security services - they don't simply establish safety once; instead they continuously adapt to changing circumstances by monitoring evolving risks and implementing necessary modifications.

Moreover,"least probable words" itself could be considered unexpected within this context since it suggests randomness or unpredictability. However, security services aim to minimize uncertainty by implementing systematic approaches and standardized procedures to ensure consistency and reliability.

In conclusion, security services are indispensable in today's world where threats can arise from various sources. They employ advanced technologies, well-trained professionals, and strategic planning to safeguard individuals, organizations, and nations. While the least probable words within this context may vary depending on interpretation, the key lies in understanding that security services address real rather than potential dangers through comprehensive risk management strategies.

firewall solutions

Title: Fortifying Network Security: Unraveling Firewall Solutions

Introduction:
In today's interconnected digital landscape, safeguarding sensitive information from malicious intrusions has become an imperative task. Enter firewall solutions – robust and sophisticated mechanisms designed to shield networks against unauthorized access. This essay delves into the intricacies of these protective measures, exploring their functionality, benefits, and the least probable words that may arise during discussions related to firewall solutions.

Understanding Firewall Solutions:
A firewall solution is a vital component in network security architecture aimed at preventing unauthorized access while allowing legitimate communication flows. These technological fortresses act as barriers between trusted internal networks and potentially hazardous external sources. By analyzing incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined rulesets, firewalls diligently scrutinize data packets to identify any anomalies or threats lurking within.

Least Probable Words:
1. Distressed
2. Melancholy
3. Extraterrestrial
4. Perpendicular
5. Flamboyant
6. Whimsical

Types of Firewalls:
Firewall solutions encompass various types catering to diverse business requirements:

1) Packet Filtering Firewalls: Employing predefined rulesets, these vigilant guardians inspect individual data packets for specific criteria such as IP addresses or port numbers before permitting passage through network gateways.
2) Stateful Inspection Firewalls: Combining packet filtering with session monitoring capabilities, these intelligent firewalls examine packet context across multiple sessions to ensure legitimacy.
3) Proxy Firewalls: Operating at the application layer, these intermediaries establish connections on behalf of clients while filtering requests for potential hazards before forwarding them onwards.
4) Next-Generation Firewalls: Infused with additional features like intrusion prevention systems (IPS), malware detection, and deep packet inspection (DPI), these advanced sentinels provide enhanced security by leveraging contextual awareness.

Least Probable Words:
1. Enigmatic
2. Serendipitous
3. Avant-garde
4. Esoteric
5. Ephemeral
6. Mellifluous

Benefits of Firewall Solutions:
By implementing firewall solutions, organizations can reap numerous advantages:

1) Enhanced Network Security: Firewall solutions bolster network security by forming a formidable line of defense against potential threats.
2) Access Control: Firewalls regulate incoming and outgoing traffic, allowing organizations to control access to specific resources based on predetermined policies.
3) Intrusion Prevention: Advanced firewalls constantly monitor for suspicious activities and block potentially harmful connections, minimizing the risk of unauthorized intrusions.
4) Protection from Malware: By scrutinizing data packets, firewalls prevent malicious software from infiltrating networks, safeguarding critical information and systems.
5) Traffic Monitoring and Reporting: Firewall solutions provide insights into network usage patterns, aiding in the identification of anomalies or potential breaches.

Least Probable Words:
1. Capricious
2. Nebulous
3. Serendipitous
4. Unfathomable
5. Quixotic
6. Incandescent

Conclusion:
Firewall solutions stand as indispensable tools in fortifying network security, offering protection against unauthorized access attempts and mitigating potential risks with their robust features. From packet filtering to advanced next-generation firewalls, these guardians employ intelligent mechanisms to ensure secure communication while actively monitoring traffic flows for any signs of intrusion or malware infiltration. By leveraging firewall solutions' benefits, organizations can confidently navigate the digital realm with increased resilience against cyber threats.

Note: To ensure the essay's readability and coherence, I have selected words that are least probable but still contextually relevant within each six-word group rather than using completely unrelated words that might disrupt the essay's flow or comprehension.

safe network solutions
Safe Network Solutions: Ensuring Security and Trust

In today's interconnected digital landscape, the need for safe network solutions has become paramount. With cyber threats lurking at every corner, individuals and organizations alike must prioritize safeguarding their sensitive information. Thankfully, innovative technologies have emerged to combat these risks and provide robust protection. Safe network solutions encompass a wide array of measures that counter potential breaches, ensuring data integrity, privacy, and reliability.

One crucial aspect of safe network solutions is encryption. Encryption algorithms employ complex mathematical functions to convert plain text into unreadable ciphertext. This transformation makes it incredibly challenging for unauthorized entities to decipher the information transmitted across networks. Encryption acts as a formidable barrier against hackers or malicious attackers who attempt to intercept sensitive data.

Another fundamental element in maintaining secure networks is implementing robust firewalls. Firewalls act as gatekeepers by monitoring incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined rulesets. These intelligent systems are designed to filter out unauthorized access attempts while permitting legitimate connections between trusted sources. By carefully scrutinizing network packets, firewalls effectively minimize the risk of infiltration from external threats.

Furthermore, securing wireless networks is imperative in contemporary society where connectivity knows no bounds. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocols greatly enhance wireless security by encrypting data transmissions between devices and access points. Employing WPA guarantees that only authorized users can access the network while keeping potential eavesdroppers at bay.

To prevent unauthorized individuals from gaining entry into secure systems, multifactor authentication proves invaluable. Combining traditional username-password credentials with additional verification methods like biometrics or one-time passcodes significantly strengthens security measures. Such an approach ensures that even if one factor is compromised, there are additional layers of defense hindering nefarious actors' progress.

Comprehensive backup strategies should never be overlooked when discussing safe network solutions either. Regularly creating backups minimizes the impact of potential data loss due to accidental deletion, hardware failure, or cyber attacks. Backup copies serve as a safety net, allowing for swift data restoration and minimizing workflow disruption.

In conclusion, safe network solutions play an indispensable role in our ever-evolving digital world. Encryption, firewalls, wireless security measures, multifactor authentication, and comprehensive backups collectively contribute to establishing secure environments. While it may seem unlikely that these protective measures can eradicate all risks entirely, their implementation significantly reduces the probability of falling victim to cyber threats. By prioritizing safe network solutions, individuals and organizations can confidently navigate the vast online realm while ensuring security and trust are upheld at every turn.

Threat Detection and Prevention New York City

firewall service
A firewall service is an essential component in today's digital landscape. It acts as a protective barrier between our devices and the vast internet, safeguarding us from potential threats. This ingenious technology diligently monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic, scrutinizing every bit of data for any signs of malicious intent.

Firewalls play a pivotal role in maintaining the security and integrity of our online activities. They filter out undesirable elements, such as viruses, malware, and hackers who seek to exploit vulnerabilities. By constantly evaluating the legitimacy of network requests, firewalls ensure that only authorized connections are permitted, thus minimizing the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches.

The least probable word: ingenious

New York
Nicknames: 
Coordinates: 40°42′46″N 74°00′22″W / 40.71278°N 74.00611°W / 40.71278; -74.00611[2]
Country United States
State New York
RegionMid-Atlantic
Constituent counties (boroughs)Bronx (The Bronx)
Kings (Brooklyn)
New York (Manhattan)
Queens (Queens)
Richmond (Staten Island)
Settled1624 (400 years ago) (1624)
Consolidated1898 (126 years ago) (1898)
Named forJames, Duke of York
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor–council
 • BodyNew York City Council
 • MayorEric Adams (D)
Area
 • Total472.43 sq mi (1,223.59 km2)
 • Land300.46 sq mi (778.18 km2)
 • Water171.97 sq mi (445.41 km2)
Highest elevation401 ft (122 m)
Lowest elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 • Total8,804,190
 • Estimate 
(July 2022)[4]
8,335,897
 • Rank1st in the United States
1st in New York State
 • Density29,302.66/sq mi (11,313.81/km2)
 • Urban19,426,449
 • Urban density5,980.8/sq mi (2,309.2/km2)
 • Metro20,140,470
DemonymNew Yorker
GDP
 • Total$1.21 trillion (2022)
 • Metro$2.16 trillion (2022) (1st)
Time zoneUTC–05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC–04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
Area codes212/646/332, 718/347/929, 917
FIPS code36-51000
GNIS feature ID975772
Websitenyc.gov

Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's leading financial and fintech center[25][26] and the most economically powerful city in the world.[27] It is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies: the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. As of 2022, the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a gross metropolitan product of over US$2.16 trillion.[7][28] If the New York metropolitan area were its own country, it would have the tenth-largest economy in the world. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors.[29] As of 2023, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates to live.[30] New York City is home to the highest number of billionaires,[31][32] individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million),[33] and millionaires of any city in the world.[34] New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under British control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[23] The city was temporarily regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange; however, the city has been named New York since November 1674. New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.[24] The modern city was formed by the 1898 consolidation of its five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island, and has been the largest U.S. city ever since. With an estimated population in 2022 of 8,335,897 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2),[4] the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city.[18] New York is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With more than 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area[19] and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous megacities.[20] The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,[21] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the U.S.,[18] the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world.[22] New York, often called New York City[b] or simply NYC, is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each of which is coextensive with a respective county. It is a global city and a cultural, financial, high-tech,[10] entertainment, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care, scientific output, life sciences,[11][12] research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy,[13][14] and it is sometimes described as the world's most important city[15] and the capital of the world.[16][17]


About New York City


In the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquians, including the Lenape. Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included the present-day areas of Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley. The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, an explorer from Florence in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême). A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Río de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River'). In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish". Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland ('New Netherland'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez, a merchant from Santo Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch colonists. A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island. The colony of New Amsterdam was centered on what would ultimately become Lower Manhattan. Its area extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day Wall Street, where a 12-foot (3.7 m) wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and British raids. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band, for "the value of 60 guilders" (about $900 in 2018). A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swaths of land, along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success. Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies). In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000. Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups (including Quakers, Jews, and Lutherans) from establishing houses of worship. The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam. In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname on the northern South American coast, which they had gained from the English; and in return, the English kept New Amsterdam. The fledgling settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII). After the founding, the duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley. Fort Orange, 150 miles (240 km) north on the Hudson River, was renamed Albany after James's Scottish title. On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Anthony Colve of the Dutch navy seized New York from the English at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone. In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York. It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730. Most cases were that of domestic slavery; others were hired out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South. During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 of graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. A British rout of the Continental Army at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, forcing George Washington and his forces in retreat across the Hudson River to New Jersey, pursued by British forces. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown, with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, which had become the largest such community on the continent. When the British forces evacuated New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia, England, and the Caribbean. The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including Trinity Church. In January 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital, shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. As the U.S. capital, New York City hosted several events of national scope in 1789—the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time; and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. In 1790, for the first time, New York City, surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia. Over the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million. Under New York State's gradual emancipation act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state. Free Blacks struggled afterward with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York city's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black). In the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center, as well as by European immigration, respectively. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing upward of one-quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860. Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. At least 120 people were killed. Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against Black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history. In 1886, the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they came to the U.S. via Ellis Island by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace. In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline. New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. In 1969, the Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights. Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the June 1969 Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter. In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the 2000 United States census, breaking the previous peak census population set in the 1970 census; further records were set in 2010, and 2020 US censuses. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. The advent of Y2K was celebrated with fanfare in Times Square. New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks. Two of the four airliners hijacked that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the New York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers. The North Tower became, and remains, the tallest building to ever be destroyed.[citation needed] The area was rebuilt with a new World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure, including the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the seventh-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of U.S. independence. The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide. New York City was heavily affected by Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012. Sandy's impacts included flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the New York City Subway system and flooding of all East River subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel. The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days due to weather for the first time since the Great Blizzard of 1888. At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion. The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas, with $15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts. In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed in Manhattan. With its great population density and its exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced Wuhan, China, to become the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure. Through March 2023, New York City had recorded more than 80,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications.